Toilet training a cat (or litter-box training) starts with setting up a proper litter tray in a quiet, accessible spot. Use a shallow box for kittens, with easy access and fine, unscented litter. After meals, naps or play, gently place the kitten in the tray so they associate that spot with toileting. Reward every success with praise or a small treat and never scold accidents – just clean thoroughly with an enzyme cleaner. Remember, consistence routine and positive reinforcement are key – cats learn all new skills at different speeds, so be patient.

Yes – cats are very trainable. Reward desired behaviours using treats, play or praise and make the environment friendly to desired actions by placing scratching posts or litter boxes in the right spots. While cats may not fetch on command, they can learn behaviours like using a litter tray, scratching an approved surface, coming when called, or walking on a leash if trained patiently.

Purring often signals contentment and comfort in cats – it’s akin to a relaxed “I’m happy” rumble. But they also purr when they’re anxious, stressed or even in pain, as a self-soothing mechanism. The vibrations may even promote healing or calm the cat’s nervous system. So if your cat is purring while relaxed in your lap, it’s likely positive; if it’s purring in a strange setting or showing other signs of distress, it could be a signal they need comfort or a check-up with your vet.

Kneading is a habit learnt from kittenhood when nursing from their mother. The gentle paw-pushing brings them comfort and a sense of security. It’s a sign of affection when your cat kneads on you or a cozy spot, especially when they’re being patted or settling down for a nap. It’s also a way for them to make their territory with the scent glands in their paws, letting other animals know they’ve claimed their spot. Kneading can also be soothing for stressed cats.

Licking is one of the ways cats show social connection or grooming behaviour. They may lick you to show affection, to mark you with their scent, or because your skin has interesting salts or textures. Occasionally, excessive licking may indicate stress or a skin/health issue, so if the licking becomes obsessive or focused on one spot, it’s worth a vet check.

Meowing is a cat’s way of communicating with us humans. Your cat might meow to greet you, express hunger, tell you they’re unwell, indicate stress, or engage in a conversation. Each meow can have a different tone or pitch, conveying various emotions. So, the next time your feline friend meows, pay attention – they might just be trying to tell you something important or seeking a little extra affection.